In addition to the account owner, anyone can contribute. This includes grandparents, family friends, parents and others, regardless of their income. Contributions from friends and family members are treated as gifts to the beneficiary.
529 plans are especially popular with grandparents who want to invest in their grandkids' future, while taking advantage of estate-planning benefits.
Plan contributions aren’t deductible for federal income tax purposes, but many state plans offer state income tax deductions for contributions. Earnings grow tax free.
Some other education savings options (such as Coverdell accounts or education savings bonds) are subject to income limitations to receive the tax benefits, while others (such as taxable accounts and custodial accounts) don’t offer tax benefits. A 529 plan offers tax benefits regardless of how much income the account owner has.
The account owner retains control over the funds, so they can ensure those funds are used how they wish.
In funding the beneficiary’s education, a 529 plan may offset some or all of what they would have had to take out in student loan debt.
The account owner sets up the account for one beneficiary. If the named beneficiary decides not to attend school, the account owner can change the beneficiary to another eligible family member, such as a sibling.
Money contributed to 529 plans can be invested, such as in mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, to allow for potential growth over time. As with any investment, a 529 plan can experience market fluctuations that may affect its value when redeemed.
Contribution limits are set by the state offering the plan, and all 529 plans prohibit contributions once the account balance reaches a certain point, typically more than $235,000. The actual amount varies depending on the plan.
For states that offer an income tax deduction for contributions, many limit the amount of annual contributions that can be deducted. Additionally, contributions are treated as gifts, so most people will want to stay within the annual gifting limit (which for 2025 is $19,000 for single filers and $38,000 for married filing jointly).